The meaning of the word gymnasium comes from the Greek word “γυμνάζω” that means gymnastic exercise. For the modern world the meaning of the word gymnasium is an educational department. First gymnasiums appeared in the ancient Greece and in the 5th century they became educational departments.

In the 16th century gymnasiums were widespread among the intellectual rich people. Before the 16th century gymnasiums were called secondary schools that were divided into monastic, order and community based on the ancient Rome curriculum. The main subjects were grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy, logics, physics and ethics.

During the Reformation epoch a new tendency appeared. It was classic scholastic trend. It influenced on many humanistic schools appearance. They were also called lyceums, gymnasiums, scientific schools and pedagogiums.

Together with gymnasiums the middle of the 16th century was the era of Jesuitical boards whose three grades corresponded to gymnasium. They were called inferiora studia and consisted of 5 forms:

• infima grammatica,

• media grammatica,

• suprema gramm., or syntaxis,

• humanitas

• rhetorica;

The first teacher exam was founded in the 19th century. After it the German scientists defined true meaning of the word gymnasium. It was “the school for the population that wants to be advanced with the help of the humanity laws knowledge”.  The most important means for that aim the gymnasium took from the ancient languages and math. The main ancient language is Latin. Math sciences included arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, zoology and even mineralogy. A great role was played by the home language and literature. The basic subject was Scripture while the secondary ones were new languages, history and geography, calligraphy, drawing and gymnastics. The ancient languages ruling position has remained in modern gymnasiums too that is not welcomed by many.

By the beginning of the 20th century gymnasiums existed in Austria-Hungary, Prussia, Bulgary and Russia. In France they were presented by Lycées и Collèges, in England were by Grammar-Schools, Grammar-Colleges and High Schools, in the United States of America the gymnasium examples were Grammar-Schools and High Schools, in Belgium did Athénées, Spanish gymnasiums were Institutes and colegios, Italian were licei (its ginnasi had pre-gymnasium features), Switzerland had cantonal schools (Cantonschulen), and Scandinavian countries did “erudite schools”. The gymnasium basic system of the 20th century has continued to our days.

P.E. lessons are often considered to be something secondary and compulsory. Today many pupils neglect them. And even parents try to do all their best to get rid their children of the “terrible” P.E. lessons. But they do a cardinal sin. Why is Physical Education Important?

School P.E. plays a great role in the individuality development of a pupil. It doesn’t only improve the health but it increases the communication level, social activity of a child.
The least tiresome for children is an independent motion activity. That’s why school P.E. lessons often provide children with free activity programs. They can be realized outdoors, in the gym and so on. Very often a definite range of exercises is done with music. It develops child’s hearing, sense of rhythm and pupil’s attention.  P.E. at school is obligatory followed by the medical examination – the examination of health, development and fitness pf children. Medical examination data allows the doctor recommends special physical exercises, workload and methods of its application.

Junior school P.E lessons continue to develop child’s stamina, deftness, hands and legs power, coordination of movements, skills of participation in team games. All these methods are applied according to the child’s organism peculiarities of the age. The greatest role is played by the junior school P.E. lessons. Why is Physical Education Important at the early age?

Junior school P.E. lessons continue to teach children:

• Breath right, combine motion and breathing together;

• Complicated walk and run;

• Hurdle race;

• Initial skills of long and high running jumps;

• Throw up and catch the ball with one or two hands;

• Throw the ball to the aim from various distances;

• Climb gymnastics wall by any ways;

• Sport team games elements;

• Swimming, skiing.

The upper school P.E. lessons are needed to form exercises habit for the whole life. School physical education should bring up the orientation to the healthy life-style of students. It should stimulate a person to further P.E. independent exercises.
It’s important to note that school P.E. plays a great role in prophylactics of the children asocial behavior.

But certainly it also has its own problems. Children with psychological and physical aberration are free from the P.E. lessons. But P.E. teachers should remember that such type of pupils need salutary influence of the P.E. on their organism.

There are many universities all over Europe. Undoubtedly many of them give unique and good education but there some universities that can be a real classic of education. Here is one of the top European universities – Bologna University.

 Bologna University (Alma Mater Studiorum Universita di Bologna, UNIBO) is one of the oldest durable universities in the world and is the second in size among the Italian universities. It was founded in 1088 AD and is known by its church and civil laws courses.

Near 100 000 students study at the university. There are 23 faculties there. It has regional centers in Redgo-Nel-Emilia, Imola, Ravenna, Forli, Cesena and Rimini and a branch office in Buenos Aires.

Bologna University history is a part of the history of the greatest thinkers and scientists. This fact makes the mentioning of the university indispensable while learning about the European culture. The university got the modern model of the high education instance in the 11th century when Grammar, Rhetoric and Logic scientists began to devote themselves to teaching. The first registered university teachers were Pepone and Irnerius. In the year 1158 under the 4 doctors insistence Frederic the First proclaimed Constitutio Habita that is he turned the school into the university where the education and studies could exist independently from the other power.

In the 14th century Medicine, Philosophy, Astronomy, Logic, Rhetoric and Grammar scientists began to cooperate with lawyer’s school. And in the year 1364 theological faculty was founded. Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarka, Gido Ginizelli, Ccino de Pistonia and other famous thinkers got their education in Bologna.

Gaspare Taglokocce finishes his first studies in plastic surgery here in the 16th century. 17th century is considered to be the golden era of the university due to the Medicine development when the students began to use microscope to do the experiments. This fact drew many guests to the university. Riko Della Mirandolla and Leon Batista Alberti that devoted themselves to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, such famous figures as Giovanni Cappelline, Frederico Enrique, Avgusto Murri also contributed much to the University development. In the year 1888 the 8th university century was celebrated in a big way. The representatives of the universities from all over the world gathered together to pay homage to the “mother of universities”.

Today the university has 128 “Laurea” or “Laurea breve” degrees of the first level (three years of studding) and “Laurea specialistica” specialized degrees (2 years of studding). There are also university schools of various specializations, scientific centers and institutions of doctoral candidacy. 

• The school of modern languages for interpreters - SSNMIT

• The Faculty of Agriculture

• The Faculty Aldo Rossi architecture

• The Faculty of Economy

• The Faculty of Forli Economy

• The Faculty of Rimini Economy

• The Faculty of Eductaion

• The Faculty of Engineering

• The Faculty of Sport and Physical Education

• The Faculty of Foreign languages and Literature

• The Faculty of Industrial Chemistry

• The Faculty of Right

• The Faculty of Philosophy

• The Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural sciences

• The Faculty of medicine

• The Faculty of Pharmaceutics

• The Faculty of Poilitical Science

• The Faculty of Roberto Ruffili Poilitical Science

• The Faculty of Psychology

• The Faculty of Veterinary Science

• The Faculty of Statistic Science